Pre-dispersal seed-predation affects fruit crop and seed fitness in a highly fragmented savanna tree

Context. Silver banksia (Banksia marginata) savannas of south-eastern Australia were formerly widespread but are now largely cleared and fragmented, with small populations often showing recruitment limitation. Which may, in part, be due to seed predation by yellow-tailed black cockatoos (Zanda funerea), which have been observed foraging for seed. Aims. The study aimed to investigate the impact of pre-dispersal seed predation by yellow-tailed black cockatoos on fruit crop between early development and seed release. Additionally, we wanted to assess seed fitness from partially damaged and discarded cones. Methods. The study quantified silver banksia infructescence removal at four populations between early December and seed release in March. We also quantified seed mass and germinability of seeds from cones removed in December, February and March. Key results. All populations experienced significant seed predation (>50%), with almost complete removal of cones from some populations. Early removal limits seed release from cones (only 18% of early removed follicles released seed). Further, early removal also significantly reduced seed mass and germination. Conclusions. Pre-dispersal seed predation by cockatoos is likely to act as a strong filter for recruitment limitation in silver banksia, by negatively affecting annual seed crop size, seed fitness and germinability. Implications. Our study showed the potential impact fragmentation can have on antagonistic plant–animal interactions. Small, isolated B. marginata populations are likely to continue to decline without active strategies to remedy seed predation such as large-scale restoration.