Perceived extrinsic barriers hinder community detection and management of mild cognitive impairment: a cross-sectional study of general practitioners in Shanghai, China

Background: General practitioners (GPs) play a critical role in community detection and management of mild cognitive impairment (MCI). Although adequate knowledge is essential, healthcare practice is shaped by intrinsic and extrinsic factors. This study aimed to test the mediating effect of perceived extrinsic barriers on the associations between knowledge, attitudes, and intended practice of GPs in community detection and management of MCI. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted through an online survey of 1253 GPs sampled from 56 community health centres (CHCs) in Shanghai in 2021. Perceived extrinsic barriers were rated on a five-point Likert scale for patient engagement, working environment, and system context, respectively. A summed score was generated subsequently for each domain ranging from 0 to 100, with a higher score indicating higher barriers. The mediating effect of perceived extrinsic barriers (second-order) and the moderation effect of training on the association between MCI knowledge and practice scores, as well as the moderation effect of past experience on the association between MCI knowledge and extrinsic barriers, were tested through structural equation modelling (SEM) with a partial least square (PLS) approach. Results: The study participants reported an average barrier score of 65.23 (SD = 13.98), 58.34 (SD = 16.95), and 60.37 (SD = 16.99) for patient engagement, working environment, and system context, respectively. Although knowledge had both direct and indirect (through attitudes) effects on intended practice, perceived extrinsic barriers negatively mediated (β = − 0.012, p = 0.025) the association between knowledge and practice. Training moderated the effect of knowledge on practice (β = − 0.066, p = 0.014). Conclusions: Perceived extrinsic barriers have a detrimental effect on the translation of knowledge into practice for community detection and management of MCI. The effect of training on practice declines when knowledge scores become higher.